La Historia de la Tablet De Apple on Nov 08 in by Ryan Vetter
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* Apple Newton MessagePad, PDA 'fallido' de Apple, está sentado sobre mi escritorio. Es un modelo final 2100, que fue la última iteración Newton MessagePad para enviar en 1998. Cada vez utilice uno, creo que inmediatamente de un tablet PC, debido a su tamaño y funcionalidad: es mucho más que un pequeño y simple PDA.
Pero es más nostalgia que nada: el Newton fue bastante antes de mi tiempo. La tecnología actual es bastante un poco más avanzada que cuando el Newton tuvo su ejecución. De potentes procesadores móviles y chips gráficos, pantallas de alta resolución y conectividad inalámbrica de alta velocidad, dispositivos móviles hoy bien eclipse no sólo la de Newton, pero incluso los más poderosos consumidor equipos de escritorio de la época.
El Newton es un dispositivo interesante, no sólo de que debido a dio lugar a toda una industria de PDA de mano.
Es lo que es notable ejemplifica el Newton. Es decir, fue el pico de Apple previa investigación y desarrollo en portátiles, equipos de pizarra como (tableta).
Ahora que Apple ha lanzado el iPad líder en el mercado, con un aluvión de otros equipos de tableta y dedicado eReaders inundando el mercado, vale la pena mirar atrás y ver donde todo esto provino. El foco estará en Apple y su historia con equipos de tableta.
Historia de Apple con data de equipos de tableta de 1979 al menos. Un buen caldo de las imágenes siguientes y los títulos asociados/antecedentes son a su vez deriva el libro
AppleDesign, la obra del Apple Industrial Design Group , por Paul Kunkel y fotos por Rick ingleses (1997).
Rollo de la curtains…
La tableta gráfica de Apple (1979): en la foto a la izquierda: fue el comienzo de los equipos tablet de Apple. Es un ejemplo crudo de una tableta Wacom moderna. Como se ilustra en un catálogo de primavera de Apple de 1981, "la tableta gráfica Apple convierte el sistema de Apple II en lienzo del artista. La tableta ofrece un medio emocionante con fácil de usar para su "herramientas" y técnicas para crear y mostrar información pictórica".
Fue desarrollado por Summagraphics y usos magnetostricción. Los cables de aleación incorporado localizan un lápiz en la x, y y puntos de eje z. Software titulado, "Utopía sistema de gráficos", desarrollado por el músico Tod Rundgren, fue el programa de pintura que funcionó con.
Mover a 1983…
Fue en 1983, y una nueva empresa, diseño de la rana, fue contratada por Apple para topar con diseños para muchos de los nuevos productos de Apple, tanto real y imaginada. Bashful fue el comienzo de la investigación de Apple en equipos tablet 'verdadero'. diseño de la rana fue la firma de diseño principal que era responsable de lenguaje de diseño industrial de Blancanieves de Apple utilizada a lo largo de la década de 1980.
Fue este nuevo lenguaje de diseño de Apple que separaba sus nuevos productos de aquellos productos que predica con su antiguo lenguaje de diseño.
Apple inició este nuevo movimiento de diseño porque quería ser una compañía de clase mundial con hermoso diseño. Realmente fue diseño primero, preocuparse por la ingeniería más tarde. De hecho, muchos de los diseñadores que participan con los diseños que van a ver no tenían poca a ninguna experiencia diseñando equipos. Pero eran diseñadores en sus campos.
En un momento cuando el equipo estaba en su infancia, fue un planteamiento ambicioso para operar de esta manera. La mayoría las demás equipo empresas fueron liderados por las limitaciones de la ingeniería. Las cosas se supone que es grande y feo en primer lugar y, a continuación, embellecidas mucho más tarde, cuando las partes subyacentes miniaturizadas y simplificadas.
Pero Apple tuvo una especie de enfoque de poner el carro delante del caballo. Hoy, Apple lleva la misma política: conduce, sigue de ingeniería de diseño.
El lenguaje de diseño de Blancanieves había impregnado de productos de Apple desde 1984 aproximadamente a través a finales de la década. Se caracterizó por un sutil color blanco o gris claro (platino), elementos de diseño minimalista, entre otros. Ejemplos de productos que utilizan este nuevo lenguaje de diseño fueron: Apple IIc, Macintosh II Macintosh portátil y más.
Los modelos bashful, algunos de los primeros diseños de Blancanieves impulsado por conocidos, fueron meros conceptos. Sin embargo, lo hizo, conducen a diseñar más trabajo en equipos de tableta.
Inspiración de bashful es visto en el 24HourMac y el BookMac, además de la TelephoneMac, todos los cuales están en la foto superior. ¿Una pregunta interesante en asociación con BookMac: Apple obtuvo su nombre de su actual línea de computadoras portátiles de BookMac? BookMac >> MacBook…
En cualquier caso, mientras que los diseños, en particular, el 24HourMac y el BookMac estaban en marcha, puestos de trabajo se esfuerza por hacer la plana pantalla de cristal líquido (LCD) una realidad práctica. Sin la tecnología y los medios de producción, ninguno de estos diseños tenían alguna posibilidad de ser producido, desde la pantalla plana fue el elemento más importante de cada uno.
Pero la tecnología era prácticamente inexistente en el espacio de consumidor, distinto sobre pequeñas calculadoras y algunos dispositivos como principios PDA.
Jobs estuvo en contacto con el Colegio abandono Steve Kitchen, de una pequeña empresa denominada diseño Woodside en Silicon Valley. Cocina había inventado una pantalla plana y es portátil y eficiente para ser utilizado en un portátil al igual que el BookMac o el 24HourMac de Apple. Un diseño de pantalla plana con palabras de una tecnología de pantalla plana defendible, rápidamente reveló en Apple (ver la imagen a la izquierda-1985).
No mucho después de que estos diseños llegaron a buen término, puestos de trabajo presentan una pantalla de trabajo 4 x 4 pulgadas plana a la Junta Directiva de Apple en 1985. Con una inversión de $20 millones, afirmó que él podría tener 20.000 monitores de pantalla plana, saliendo desde la línea de producción, por mes, en la segunda mitad de 1986. La Junta rechazó puestos de trabajo.
Pero fue una época tumultuosa para puestos de trabajo, ya que estaba a punto de ser expulsado de Apple para una variedad de razones, a instancias del entonces CEO John Sculley. Por el momento 1985 fue, puestos de trabajo ya no trabajaba en Apple.
Habían trabajos aún sido a favor en el momento, existe una buena posibilidad de que no sólo habría permaneció en Apple, pero le hubiera concedido el dinero para continuar con sus iniciativas de pantalla plana. Si ese ha sido el caso, pizarra como dispositivos como el BookMac y 24HourMac, además de escritorio monitores de pantalla plana en todos los ordenadores de sobremesa de Apple, es probable que hubiera existido en 1987/88.
Solo habría cambiado el curso de cronología evolutiva de la industria de todo equipo. Es pantallas planas que han posibilitado la informática móvil. Sin ellos, no puede existir teléfonos inteligentes y tablet PC.
Por lo tanto, informática móvil habría evolucionado a un ritmo mucho más rápido porque la tecnología pieza central: pantallas delgadas, planas: habría existido en forma sostenible para uso de fabricación y consumo mucho antes. Así, el decenio de 1990 habría sido una década muy diferente para los equipos. Podría haber sido una década de la informática móvil.
Y para equipos de sobremesa, habría sido una década donde la mayoría de equipos de escritorio todos vinieron con monitores de pantalla plana. Más avanzada tecnología de pantalla plana también habría filtran sobre para teléfonos celulares, computadoras portátiles y televisores. Esto, a su vez, habría estimulado desarrollo microprocesador móvil de empresas como brazo e Intel.
A pesar de que Apple tenía una opción de pantalla plana para el Apple IIc (en la foto a la derecha), no se ha vendido bien y fue recibido con críticas variadas. La tecnología sólo necesitaba trabajo, aún no era muy listo para el prime time.
Y aunque salió de puestos de trabajo para fundar otra empresa de informática el mismo año que él fue expulsado de Apple (Next Computer, Inc.), estaciones de trabajo siguientes fueron ellos mismos carente de LCDs. trabajos probablemente hubiera querido sus próximos computadoras para pantallas LCD de deporte, pero con limitaciones de recursos en términos de tiempo y dinero, probablemente no era una opción que fue capaz de seguir al tiempo. A esto le suma el hecho de que otros fabricantes de equipo no tenía muchas opciones para monitores de pantalla plana, la edad de la pantalla plana nunca realmente ocurrió durante la década de 1980.
El "P2″ que equipo portátil fue un dispositivo de concepto desarrollado en 1989. Diseñado internamente en Apple, el P2 iba a ser un dispositivo portátil de Tablet PC-como fácilmente llevada a cabo con un usuario, como una bolsa de folio. Sólo correa sobre su hombro, asegúrese de que el protector de pantalla está en su lugar y vaya tu día. La P2 como un dispositivo de concepto tiene un diseño muy influenciado, si intencionalmente o no, por Alan Kay
Figaro was a project code-name within the Apple Newton group associated with a personal digital assistant [PDA] research and development initiative at Apple.
The Knowledge Navigator (pictured at left), an Apple concept tablet computer from 1987, was the archetype of what Apple was trying to create in the beginnings of the Newton project. Later on, however, Apple would opt for a much smaller, simpler design as in the Original Newton MessagePad.
Here is the Knowledge Navigator in action:
Under the Figaro competition, beginning in 1989, a set of designers, both within and outside Apple, were tasked to create designs for a PDA through a friendly competition. The designers had to create designs for a handheld tablet computer, with pen input. Most of them had never designed a computer before. The pen would be used to input information via handwriting or printed strokes. The strokes themselves would be translated into text characters.
The screen was to be a touch sensitive active matrix display. In addition, it would have a built-in hard disk. For wireless data, an IR port was to be built-in, allowing owners of the devices to share data in close proximity to one another through ‘beaming’ their information between devices. Also, a spread-spectrum attachment was to be made available for beaming data across town or across the country. The target price was $6000.
During the first Figaro competition (see image plates below), all designs were assessed, and it was determined, after an internal review at Apple, in addition to focus group testing, that Giugiaro’s work was preferred (top 3 images in below image plate). It was the simple, clean design that won everyone over. Since Giugiaro had previously been hired to work on other projects at Apple, this confirmed to people at Apple that they had made the right choice.
In the follow up Figaro competition later that year (next 2 image plates below), these designs had the most favorable feedback from focus group testing of any previous designs. But Apple was skeptical of the design, as they thought it was too cute, not quite Apple enough.
Sculley then ordered a new design competition for Figaro. This was Part Deux. Wanting to out-design Giugiaro, the Italians, Robert Brunner of Apple’s Industrial Design Group/Lunar Design competed against the February 1990 people’s choice design (pictured directly above). And Brunner’s team designed the concepts for no cost to the Newton Group. They did it on their own time, and at their own expense. It was a rivalry for the ages: Californian designers against Italian designers. Brunner and his team were set on beating them out.
It was now late 1990, and the results of the second Figaro competition were in. The first image plate below contains the Californian design. The notable designs are on the bottom row. The design on the bottom left was a concept for a mid-size PDA (“Newton”), whereas the design on the bottom right was a concept for a larger PDA (“Newton Plus”).
These designs by the Californians were an improvement over previous ones. They sported new shapes and colors, more functional placement of the stylus and the IR window, a unique ribbed pattern on the back of one, and so forth. Even Apple’s lead designers liked Brunner’s designs better than Giugiaro.
But, once again, the focus groups sided with Giugiaro’s designs. The problem was, Brunner’s designs looked too much like Silicon Valley designed computers, whereas Giugiaro’s was simple, unique, compelling, and different. Michael Tchao (head of Newton Marketing), and the rest of the Newton team were set on the design that Newton would eventually ship with (people’s choice award, Giugiaro’s design pictured above – top image plate).
But eventually, the larger designs were not favored by newly acquired Tchao. He had concerns, as did others on the Newton team, that a no-compromise, expensive product would have serious problems gaining any reasonable marketshare. No, it had to be much smaller, and cheaper, which meant all of the work put into Figaro was to be scrapped in favor of newer, more portable designs. But half of those associated with the Newton project at Apple still preferred the Newton Plus, so Tchao, et al. weren’t out of the woods yet.
Giugiaro submitted yet another design at the end of 1990/early 1991, the Montblanc (pictured above), a final Newton Plus design with a gorgeous black exterior and elliptical IR port. But the team was having second thoughts about the IR port. However, it was so integrated into all of the Figaro designs, including Montblanc, that the Newton team was sort of stuck with it. Yet, during the spring of 1991, the team realized that, at a price of between $4-5000, Montblanc was still too expensive and too big, even for the high-end, executive crowd it would have been marketed to. Realizing this, Tchao convinced Sculley to support a “PocketNewt” design over these larger, Newton Plus designs.
Sculley agreed, and the team focussed on a pocketable Newton, named “Junior”. In May, 1992, Newton Plus was officially cancelled. This caused some dissension amongst designers associated with the Figaro project, some resigning from the company. This included Sue Booker, who had not only been a key member of the design team from the beginning of the Figaro initiative, she also had spent several years co-designing an interface for it.
After all of this, a portable version of all of these tablet computers was created (pictured below). It was the favored design over Montblanc. A pre-production design, it was code-named “Batman”. On a cursory viewing, it looks like the Batmobile from Tim Burton’s Batman (1989).
On the whole, the Figaro concepts were largely ignored in relation to this new portable design: some three years of research and development, only to find that the design had to be radically different because of the new product specifications. Smaller and lighter were the order of business.
However, the Batman design was still too bulky to fit into Sculley’s pocket, so the design team was ordered to make it smaller. Frustrated, they had the idea to sneak into Sculley’s office and sew his pockets so they were just big enough to fit the Newton. But they went back to work, under tight deadlines, and submitted a revised design, with a more flattened lid and pen, with streamlined corners. It fit.
But because of these size constraints, little details still had to be addressed, like the feeling of using a flat pen. There were several ergonomic issues. It was down to the design team sweating over shaving off points of a millimeter here and there. And it was tiring, especially with such a tight deadline: they were still finishing off the final design, and Newton was supposed to be shipping in just under 5 months.
Yet, more problems abound. The design team was told that the Newton was to have a PCMCIA slot at the top, where users could slide PC Cards into the unit. These cards were to sit flush with the outside of the case. The problem was, some PC Cards would protrude as a matter of their function, even though many at the time did not. These kinds of cards would interfere with the Newton’s hinge below the lid, and would thus not work with the current design.
So, as per the larger picture in the above image plate, they developed a snap-on lid that could be removed and snapped onto the back of the unit, with two rubber protrusions on the top. But during focus group meetings, user’s didn’t really know what to do with the snap on lid, and the rubber protrusions reminded them of nipples. As a result, the lid was removed altogether. As a final design, the final product thus shipped without a screen protector.
Aside from the design problems, the Newton had other issues, most notably software bugs that needed to be fixed before it could be shipped. Its launch-date was delayed: it wouldn’t eventually ship until the summer of 1993.
But tablet computers were still very much in vogue at Apple. But not because of interest from the Newton Group. It was from the Mac Group. They were trying to create tablet computers that were modular, and that could be used as full-blown Mac systems.
Since the Macintosh division, as well as many others at Apple, saw the Newton as something that could very well make desktop computers extinct, they decided to develop a Newton-like Mac. Something that could act like a portable, slate-like device. But, unlike the Newton, these devices would run Mac software, with a full Mac operating system, and work with a keyboard and mouse. It was a bridge between the original Macintosh and the new, mobile powerhouse: the Newton.
The WorkCase, the Macintosh Folio, PenMac, and PenLite were four such concepts to come out of this thinking.
Pictured below is the WorkCase. Not much is known about the WorkCase, other than it being part of a modular desktop computer. It serves as a screen for a complete ‘Juggernaut’ computer system, which includes a modular screen (WorkCase), keyboard, desk station, travel kit, and camera with modular attachment (passport). Since the WorkCase is removable, it presumably serves as a standalone device, functioning like a tablet computer, complete with a touchscreen and stylus.
1992 and holding. The Macintosh Folio (pictured below) revealed itself around the summer of 1992.
The Macintosh Folio was designed by Jonathan Ive, current industrial designer at Apple, who has been a lead designer on such products as the MacBook Air, the iPhone, the iPad, and many others. It featured a touch-sensitive screen, with a built-in battery. Once tilted on its built-in stand, it could be used as a desktop computer with the attachable Folio keyboard.
The PenMac (Folio), (both image plates above), was another concept tablet computer to come out of Apple in the early-1990s. It featured a built-in CD-ROM drive, a user replaceable battery, a large IR port, and a built-in stylus. Not much else is known about it, other than it seemingly being one the most feature-rich tablets of any of the tablet designs to come from Apple during this era.
The PenLite was the closest of any of Apple’s concept/production-ready tablet computers to being shipped. Just before it was being ramped up for distribution, the project was cancelled. It ran the Classic Mac OS, with specialized features for stylus input. However, because the handwriting recognition was not that fleshed out, among other things, Apple decided not to ship it. PenLite, like many other projects of its kind, was cancelled without any real consumer product to be spun off from it.
Also of note is the W.A.L.T. (Wizzy Active Lifestyle Telephone: pictured at left). According to The Apple Museum, it was developed from ~ 1990 – 1993 as a pen-based communication tablet (prototype).
“Designed in cooperation with BellSouth, WALT was a portable screen-based telephone. Aside from telephony, WALT featured an electronic address book, message pad and was able to send faxes. When connected to BellSouth’s ANYWHERE Fax service, WALT could also receive faxes and even reply to them. WALT featured a stylus for easy dialing and writing and also had buttons for the most important functions on front of the device.”
Like all of the other tablet computers that Apple researched and developed, W.A.L.T. was never made into a consumer product, and the project was cancelled in 1993.
The VideoPad pictured at right is also worth mentioning. It’s a mash up of a tablet computer, a PDA, a smartphone, and a laptop. It was never a functional prototype. Rather, it was a “dummy” concept device, showcased on August 2, 1993 at the MacWorld show in Boston, the same time that the Newton MessagePad launched.
Bic was another large format Newton concept, but is mostly unheard of. Yet, it’s perhaps the best design out of all of Apple’s tablet designs. Bic was a production-ready design at Apple from March-August, 1993. It had two PCMIA card slots, a retractable I/O door, an IR port, a microphone, a speaker, and a removable battery, all running on an ARM 610 20MHz processor . The official name as stamped on the lower left front of the case is “MessageSlate”.
Not much else is known about this design, other than, based on serial numbers on some units that have revealed themselves on eBay, there were as many as 36 of these in circulation, likely more. But it was never turned into an actual consumer product.
While there’s about a decade gap between Bic and Apple’s beginnings with their research and development on multi-touch tablets and smartphones, there had been some discussion about their exploration of a PDA at the turn of the 20th Century. But there is no real evidence to support the claim that they were seriously researching and developing PDAs.
Moving into more recent times, at right is an illustration from US Design Patent No. D504,899, a Tablet computer related patent Apple filed March 17, 2004. The patent was granted May 10, 2005. It shows a user engaging in touch gestures on a tablet device.
It was around this time that Jobs confirmed in a recent interview on All Things D8 (2010), that Apple started to research and develop a multi-touch-based tablet computer operating system before the iPhone. Once Jobs decided that he wanted to develop a smartphone, the tablet project was put on hold, and available talent and resources were allocated to the iPhone project.
Luego, en julio de 2008, la USPTO publicó tres solicitudes de patente Apple API "relacionados con desplazamiento, gesticular y sincronización". Las cifras en estas aplicaciones son notables, como ilustran un diseño híbrido de Tablet PC o portátil. Apple fue experimentando así al tiempo con diferentes implementaciones de un tablet PC/netbook.
It wasn’t until 2007 though, when the first iPhone launched, that Apple’s tablet computer project was able to get the attention it required in order to eventually move forward into a consumer product. In 2010, Apple finally rolled out its first real tablet computer – the iPad – across several countries. That’s over 30 years after the first Apple Graphics Tablet was launched. The iPad’s launch has been referred to as the most successful consumer-electronics launch ever (according to Bernstein Research analyst Colin McGranahan).
In a segment that has struggled for some twenty years, particularly over the past decade with windows tablets failing in the market, Apple has managed to be a first mover and market leader. It’s a situation akin to the iPod in the MP3 player marketplace: the iPad will likely enjoy a dominant position in the tablet segment of the personal computer market for some time to come.
And the reason the iPad has been successful thus far is because tablet computers are much more functional with tailored, multi-touch operating systems, rather than being based on full-blown desktop systems.
LP
¿En cuatro años no ha sido capaz de diseñar algo nuevo?
